Abstract
In this paper, direct injection-locked frequency dividers (ILFDs), which operate in the millimeter-wave (MMW) band, are analyzed. An analytically equivalent model of the direct ILFDs is developed, and important design guidelines for a large frequency locking range are obtained from it. These guidelines are: 1) maximize the quality factor of the passive load; 2) maintain low output amplitude; and 3) increase the dc overdrive voltage of the input device. A direct ILFD without varactors is designed and fabricated using a 0.13-μm bulk CMOS process to verify the developed model and design guidelines. A pMOS current source is used to restrict the output amplitude and to increase the dc overdrive voltage of the input device to achieve a large frequency locking range. The size of the input device is only 3.6 μm/0.12 μm and the measured frequency locking range is 13.6% at 70 GHz with a power consumption of 4.4 mW from a supply voltage of 1 V. In short, the proposed divider has the potential to be integrated into an MMW phase-locked loop system.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1649-1657 |
| Number of pages | 9 |
| Journal | IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques |
| Volume | 55 |
| Issue number | 8 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 1 Aug 2007 |
Keywords
- 0.13-μm bulk CMOS technology
- Frequency locking range
- Injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD)
- Millimeter-wave (MMW) integrated CMOS circuit
- Phase-locked loop (PLL)